Criminal defense in Poland

About

The right of defense is a fundamental principle of the criminal trial. It is expressed in a number of rights enjoyed by a person facing criminal proceedings from the moment the charges are brought. It includes, among other things, the right to be informed of the content of the charges, the right to make and refuse explanations, the right to make requests for evidence, the right to participate in the activities of the proceedings or the right to challenge procedural decisions.

To effectively exercise these rights, everyone has the right to have a professional defense counsel, whose role is to ensure that the suspect’s rights are respected. The right of defense is absolute, and the suspect is entitled to it from the beginning of the proceedings, both in proceedings before law enforcement agencies (preparatory proceedings), before the court and in penal enforcement proceedings. Having a professional defense counsel is extremely important from the perspective of protecting the rights of a suspect or defendant.

As a law firm specializing in criminal law, we have very extensive experience in defending clients suspected of committing misdemeanors and criminal and fiscal criminal offenses. We have been defense counsel in some of the most famous Polish criminal trials. In these types of cases, the most important thing is the time and experience of the lawyers. Our goal is to guarantee clients a sense of security and confidence that their case is in the hands of professionals who are experts in criminal procedure.

The defense of the client may aim to prove his innocence, but also to minimize the consequences of a conviction. This may involve taking steps to change the image of the case presented by law enforcement agencies, reducing the negative consequences of the crime, improving the client’s image in the eyes of the court, or, finally, taking advantage of institutions that allow effective reduction of criminal liability.

Our services include:

  • legal counseling in connection with the anticipated risk of criminal liability;
  • representation in activities conducted against a person who has not yet been formally charged, but who is of interest to law enforcement agencies;
  • defense in criminal cases at all stages of proceedings, before law enforcement agencies and courts, including the development of a defense strategy and conducting an assessment of the feasibility of alternative options for the termination of criminal proceedings;
  • representation and assistance in crisis situations (searches, interrogations, arrests, presentation of charges, detention on remand),
  • participation in all activities, such as hearings, interrogations, searches, procedural experiments and site visits, as well as preparation and submission of pleadings and appeals;
  • implementing the chosen model of cooperation with law enforcement agencies, including negotiating the terms of agreement with the prosecutor’s office;
  • undertaking activities aimed at reconciliation with the victim, including negotiation and participation in mediation;
  • supporting clients in penal enforcement proceedings.

We are defenders of:

  • suspects in preparatory proceedings;
  • defendants in criminal trial before the court;
  • convicts in penal enforcement proceedings;
  • persons without status in criminal proceedings in which law enforcement agencies are interested;
  • persons arrested and temporarily detained.
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Summary: Criminal Law in Europe

Criminal law in Europe encompasses a comprehensive set of legal rules and principles that define criminal conduct and regulate the prosecution of crimes. Unlike the common law systems of the UK and the USA, which rely heavily on judicial precedents, most European countries operate under civil law systems. These systems are based on codified statutes and legal codes, providing a structured and systematic approach to criminal justice.

Fundamental Principles

One of the cornerstone principles in European criminal law is the presumption of innocence, meaning an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty. The burden of proof lies with the prosecution, which must establish the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt. This standard ensures that convictions are secured only when there is clear and convincing evidence.

Types of Crimes

European criminal law categorizes crimes into several broad categories:

  1. Violent Crimes: Offenses that cause or threaten bodily harm, such as homicide, assault, and battery.
  2. Property Crimes: Crimes involving interference with the property of another, including theft, burglary, and vandalism.
  3. Economic and Financial Crimes: Also known as white-collar crimes, these include fraud, embezzlement, tax evasion, and insider trading.
  4. Organized Crime: Activities carried out by structured groups engaged in illegal enterprises like drug trafficking, human trafficking, and money laundering.
  5. Cybercrime: Illegal activities conducted through digital means, such as hacking, cyber fraud, and the distribution of malware.
  6. Environmental Crimes: Violations that harm the environment, including illegal dumping of waste and pollution.
  7. Crimes Against Justice: Offenses that obstruct the legal process, such as perjury and contempt of court.

Criminal Procedure in Europe

European criminal proceedings are designed to ensure fairness and respect for human rights:

  • Inquisitorial System: Many European countries employ an inquisitorial system, where judges take an active role in investigating the facts, unlike the adversarial system where parties present their cases before a passive judge.
  • Right to a Fair Trial: Guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), this includes the right to legal representation, the right to be heard, and the right to a public trial within a reasonable time.
  • Protection Against Double Jeopardy: Individuals cannot be tried twice for the same offense once acquitted or convicted.
  • Legal Remedies: Defendants have the right to appeal convictions and sentences to higher courts.

Role of the Criminal Defense Lawyer

A criminal defense lawyer, or advocate, is vital in safeguarding the rights of the accused:

  • Legal Representation: Advising clients on legal rights and options, and representing them in court proceedings.
  • Case Preparation: Gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, and formulating defense strategies.
  • Court Advocacy: Presenting arguments, cross-examining witnesses, and challenging the prosecution’s case.
  • Negotiation: Engaging in plea negotiations or settlements where permissible.
  • Ensuring Compliance: Monitoring that law enforcement and prosecutors adhere to legal procedures and human rights standards.

Becoming a Criminal Lawyer in Europe

The pathway to becoming a criminal lawyer typically involves:

  1. Academic Education:
    – Law Degree: Completion of a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) or equivalent undergraduate law degree.
    – Master’s Degree (Optional): Pursuing a Master of Laws (LL.M.) specializing in criminal law or related fields.
  2. Professional Training:
    – Legal Traineeship: Undergoing a period of practical training or apprenticeship, known as a “stagiaire” or “Referendariat” in some countries.
    – Professional Courses: Attending compulsory courses on ethics, legal practice, and specialized areas of law.
  3. Bar Examination:
    – Qualifying Exams: Passing national or regional bar examinations to demonstrate legal competence.
  4. Admission to Practice:
    – Bar Association Membership: Joining the national bar association or equivalent professional body.
    – Continuous Professional Development: Engaging in ongoing training to stay updated on legal developments.

European Legal Frameworks

European criminal law is influenced by various supranational entities:

  • European Union Law: EU directives and regulations can impact national criminal laws, especially in areas like cross-border crime and judicial cooperation.
  • Council of Europe: Through instruments like the ECHR, it sets standards for human rights that affect criminal proceedings.
  • European Court of Human Rights: Ensures that member states comply with the ECHR, providing an avenue for individuals to challenge violations.

Conclusion

Criminal law in Europe is designed to uphold justice, protect society, and ensure the rights of individuals are respected throughout the legal process. The role of criminal defense lawyers is crucial in this system, as they advocate for the accused, challenge the prosecution, and work to ensure that every case is adjudicated fairly and impartially.

Choose Expert Legal Support for Your Criminal Defense Needs
Navigating the complexities of European criminal law requires skilled and experienced legal representation. Whether you are seeking defense against allegations, need assistance in understanding your rights, or require proactive measures to protect your business and reputation, our team is here to help. We provide comprehensive legal services tailored to your specific situation, ensuring that your case is handled with the utmost professionalism, discretion, and dedication.
With our deep understanding of criminal law and procedure, combined with a commitment to safeguarding your interests, we stand ready to advocate for you at every stage of the legal process. Don’t leave your defense to chance—contact us today and secure the expert support you need to achieve the best possible outcome.

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Contact
the experts
Maciej Zaborowski

Maciej Zaborowski

Advocate, Managing Partner

Paweł Gołębiewski

Paweł Gołębiewski

Attorney-at-law, Head of International Criminal Law Practice

FAQ

Criminal defense is a fundamental principle of the criminal justice system, ensuring that every person facing criminal proceedings has the right to legal protection and defense from the moment charges are brought. It includes a wide range of rights such as being informed about the charges, making or refusing statements, requesting evidence, participating in procedural actions, and challenging decisions. The defense’s role is to protect the rights of the suspect or defendant, aiming to prove innocence or mitigate the consequences of a conviction.

All individuals suspected or accused of committing a misdemeanor or criminal offense, including fiscal offenses, have the right to criminal defense. This applies during all stages of the proceedings:

  • Preparatory proceedings before law enforcement agencies
  • Court trials
  • Penal enforcement proceedings
    Legal assistance is also extended to persons of interest to law enforcement who have not yet been formally charged, as well as to those who are detained or arrested.

A professional defense lawyer ensures:

  • Respect for the suspect’s or defendant’s procedural rights throughout all proceedings.
  • Development of effective defense strategies tailored to the specific case.
  • Assessment and exploration of alternatives for case resolution.
  • Advice on negotiating with prosecutors, including terms of plea or settlement agreements.
  • Representation during all court hearings, interrogations, and procedural actions.
  • Assistance in crisis situations such as searches, arrests, and detention on remand.
    The expertise and timely action of defense counsel are vital to safeguarding the client’s legal interests and improving case outcomes.

Typical services include:

  • Legal counseling regarding anticipated criminal liability risks.
  • Defense at all procedural stages, from investigations to trial and enforcement of penalties.
  • Preparation and submission of procedural motions, appeals, and complaints.
  • Participation in hearings, site inspections, and evidence-gathering activities.
  • Negotiating with prosecutors for reconciliation or mediation with victims.
  • Offering guidance during penal enforcement proceedings after conviction.
  • Supporting persons without formal status in criminal proceedings who are of interest to law enforcement.

Defense strategies may focus on:

  • Presenting evidence or arguments to prove innocence or reduce culpability.
  • Challenging prosecution evidence or procedural errors to weaken the case.
  • Seeking alternative case resolutions, including plea agreements or diversion programs.
  • Attempting to improve the perception of the case before judges or prosecutors.
  • Utilizing legal institutions and mechanisms for effective reduction of liability, such as mitigating circumstances or suspended sentences.

Key rights include:

  • The right to be informed promptly and clearly of the charges.
  • The right to remain silent and not self-incriminate.
  • The right to legal counsel of choice, or court-appointed defense if needed.
  • The right to inspect evidence and challenge its credibility.
  • The right to participate in acts of the proceedings, including presenting witnesses and evidence.
  • The right to challenge procedural decisions and appeal judgments.
  • The right to translation and interpretation services if the person does not understand Polish.

During preparatory proceedings, defense lawyers play a crucial role by:

  • Protecting the client against unlawful actions such as unlawful detention or coercion.
  • Advising on how to respond to interrogations and evidence requests.
  • Ensuring proper documentation and procedural safeguards are respected.
  • Negotiating with prosecutors to find resolutions before trial.
  • Representing the client’s interests in motions to the court and procedural hearings.

After conviction, during penal enforcement proceedings, defense attorneys help by:

  • Representing convicts in matters related to serving the penalty, such as prison conditions or parole requests.
  • Assisting with appeals or motions for early release.
  • Advising on legal remedies against enforcement decisions.
  • Supporting the client’s rights throughout the enforcement process.

Yes. Persons arrested or detained have the right to immediate access to defense counsel. Defense lawyers ensure that:

  • Detention or arrest is legal and justified.
  • Procedural documents are properly handled.
  • The detainee’s rights are respected, reducing risks of abuse or wrongful detention.
  • Preliminary defense measures are taken, safeguarding further rights during investigations.

Selecting a suitable defense lawyer involves considering:

  • The lawyer’s experience and specialization in criminal law and procedure.
  • Previous success in handling similar types of cases.
  • Trust and communication style to ensure client confidence.
  • Availability and willingness to engage actively throughout all stages.
  • Compatibility with the client’s specific needs, including language skills if the client is a foreigner.